How to negotiate terms and salary for an editor-in-chief position?
January 18, 2016 1:11 PM Subscribe
For most of my adult working life, I've been a freelance writer and editor. The economic downturn hit me really hard, and I spent 4-5 years with the majority of my income coming from low-paying jobs outside my field, and I struggled financially. This has caused me some feelings of shame that I'm not "adulting right," and impostor syndrome. But I've been offered a great opportunity. I want to play my cards right.
Recently I took on another freelance magazine client, just thinking it would be a little side scratch in addition to my current retail job. I started as a feature writer, and then their copy editor quit and I was offered that, which is also freelance. Then, very soon after, both the editor-in-chief and managing editor said they wanted to restructure the editorial positions and offered me the editor-in-chief position. I gladly accepted. We planned on sitting down and discussing the job description and salary in the new year. The time to do so is coming, and I need advice.
Me: About 15 years' combined experience as a writer and editor in the community magazine industry, with two staff positions that lasted about a year each. I believe I am on the autism spectrum with a very classic presentation of female Aspergers. I believe my naiveté about the way office politics work, social blunders, and not knowing how to ask for raises and negotiate salaries, has played a large part in being underpaid. When I was working in my field previously, I didn't have a clue about why I struggled so much. I found out about Aspergers in the past two years and everything clicked into place, but I don't have a diagnosis or feel the need for one.
Here's some info to give you an idea of how my income has fluctuated. I made $13.50/hour in 2004 as an arts editor for a local magazine in a big city. I was second on the masthead. The work involved more administrative, clerical tasks than I had expected, and unfortunately was not a great fit for me due to attentional issues that I don't have when just writing and editing. I experienced social anxiety and sensory overload from bright lights and echoing noise in the office daily. After that, I turned to freelance.
In 2005, I made the most I have ever made, which was $40/hour plus $50/page for manual writing. At other jobs, whether writing-related or not, I have made anywhere from minimum wage to about $20/hour.
I've researched editor-in-chief jobs, and it looks like there's a huge range of salary starting at about $40K. To give you an idea of this particular publication, it comes out every two months, is a "slick" locally-oriented lifestyle magazine with a readership of 400,000-plus, and is owned independently. I don't know if the owners have to funnel their own money into it, but we do have many advertisers. I do not have the rate card. The publication is based in an upper middle-class Midwestern suburb of a town that is economically depressed.
The job: The editor-in-chief and managing editor are both aware that I'm an introvert with an eagle eye for typos who turns around work super-fast, and that I prefer to work alone. They mentioned that it was primarily a home-based position with some meetings (generally informal and at restaurants). I won't have to be in the office, they said, but I could choose to. I haven't disclosed Aspergers to them and I don't intend to, but I need to work with, not against, my introversion and need to focus. I love the publication and it seems like an ideal fit.
However, my impression is that the pay is pretty low. It's $50 per story, and $500/month for copy editing. I don't know if that reflects on what the salaried people make. My current situation is one in which I'm relying on a variety of safety nets and am frankly poor but have very low overhead. $40K sounds like riches to me, though I know well that it isn't. However, it could mean the difference between saving for my old age and being a bag lady.
Given all the details I've provided, how should I go about getting the highest salary I can? They value me quite a bit as a writer and editor and they have already said I won't be the front-facing person of the organization and the current editor will take that on. Advice on respectable amounts to ask for in the kind of market I've described and the kind of job it will be, as well as social skills needed to ask, are most welcome. Any other feedback is great too. Thanks!
Recently I took on another freelance magazine client, just thinking it would be a little side scratch in addition to my current retail job. I started as a feature writer, and then their copy editor quit and I was offered that, which is also freelance. Then, very soon after, both the editor-in-chief and managing editor said they wanted to restructure the editorial positions and offered me the editor-in-chief position. I gladly accepted. We planned on sitting down and discussing the job description and salary in the new year. The time to do so is coming, and I need advice.
Me: About 15 years' combined experience as a writer and editor in the community magazine industry, with two staff positions that lasted about a year each. I believe I am on the autism spectrum with a very classic presentation of female Aspergers. I believe my naiveté about the way office politics work, social blunders, and not knowing how to ask for raises and negotiate salaries, has played a large part in being underpaid. When I was working in my field previously, I didn't have a clue about why I struggled so much. I found out about Aspergers in the past two years and everything clicked into place, but I don't have a diagnosis or feel the need for one.
Here's some info to give you an idea of how my income has fluctuated. I made $13.50/hour in 2004 as an arts editor for a local magazine in a big city. I was second on the masthead. The work involved more administrative, clerical tasks than I had expected, and unfortunately was not a great fit for me due to attentional issues that I don't have when just writing and editing. I experienced social anxiety and sensory overload from bright lights and echoing noise in the office daily. After that, I turned to freelance.
In 2005, I made the most I have ever made, which was $40/hour plus $50/page for manual writing. At other jobs, whether writing-related or not, I have made anywhere from minimum wage to about $20/hour.
I've researched editor-in-chief jobs, and it looks like there's a huge range of salary starting at about $40K. To give you an idea of this particular publication, it comes out every two months, is a "slick" locally-oriented lifestyle magazine with a readership of 400,000-plus, and is owned independently. I don't know if the owners have to funnel their own money into it, but we do have many advertisers. I do not have the rate card. The publication is based in an upper middle-class Midwestern suburb of a town that is economically depressed.
The job: The editor-in-chief and managing editor are both aware that I'm an introvert with an eagle eye for typos who turns around work super-fast, and that I prefer to work alone. They mentioned that it was primarily a home-based position with some meetings (generally informal and at restaurants). I won't have to be in the office, they said, but I could choose to. I haven't disclosed Aspergers to them and I don't intend to, but I need to work with, not against, my introversion and need to focus. I love the publication and it seems like an ideal fit.
However, my impression is that the pay is pretty low. It's $50 per story, and $500/month for copy editing. I don't know if that reflects on what the salaried people make. My current situation is one in which I'm relying on a variety of safety nets and am frankly poor but have very low overhead. $40K sounds like riches to me, though I know well that it isn't. However, it could mean the difference between saving for my old age and being a bag lady.
Given all the details I've provided, how should I go about getting the highest salary I can? They value me quite a bit as a writer and editor and they have already said I won't be the front-facing person of the organization and the current editor will take that on. Advice on respectable amounts to ask for in the kind of market I've described and the kind of job it will be, as well as social skills needed to ask, are most welcome. Any other feedback is great too. Thanks!
I am worried about the amount of information in this post. I fear that you and the magazine could be identified, and the details disclosed here could be used against you during your negotiations. You should contact the mods to anonymize it.
Without any experience in the business, I would be anxious about this position. It all seems like too much too soon. Why are the current editor-in-chief and managing editor stepping down? What is the front-facing role the current editor-in-chief will be taking on, and what will be your relationship to them? Why haven't you seen the rate card? Shouldn't it be necessary for the editor-in-chief to work in the office if the magazine has an office?
Bluntly, I'm worried that this magazine is imploding and they are scurrying off the sinking ship to leave you hanging.
posted by crazy with stars at 1:43 PM on January 18, 2016 [3 favorites]
Without any experience in the business, I would be anxious about this position. It all seems like too much too soon. Why are the current editor-in-chief and managing editor stepping down? What is the front-facing role the current editor-in-chief will be taking on, and what will be your relationship to them? Why haven't you seen the rate card? Shouldn't it be necessary for the editor-in-chief to work in the office if the magazine has an office?
Bluntly, I'm worried that this magazine is imploding and they are scurrying off the sinking ship to leave you hanging.
posted by crazy with stars at 1:43 PM on January 18, 2016 [3 favorites]
First, they are offering what seems like a hint up front. The fact that this is home-based, or can be, with informal meetings, is a pretty big "so that should make it a lot more appealing to you" message. There's a possibility that it is meant to make up for a relatively low salary.
Assuming they're not going to just come out the door with an offer, here's a common approach to the get-down-to-brass-tacks: "Mr. Doe, as you know, I love to dive into details. And the more I research it, the more this situation seems like it is a win for both of us. You already know me and the skills I bring to the table, and I know how to provide the quality assistance you need. Based on my research, $X to $Y is the going range for a position like this. Does that sound right to you?" [With a healthy pause to sip from your drink or whatever after each sentence]
Regardless of the exact wording, I really encourage you to take a healthy "extraverted investigatory" attitude. Their offer and position is brought out openly, clearly, out on the table. This will keep you from sweeping your own concerns under the rug. It will encourage them to offer whatever they can when the two of you mutually identify issues as you communicate.
Then based on what's in the reply, you can use your level of experience and the "you're not hiring an unknown" factor to raise your salary expectation within that range you quoted.
If they are offering less than what you want, but more than what you need, maybe that's good enough.
Do you have a BATNA? A GUAL? Those are helpful too. What will you do if you're unhappy with the amount they're offering? What is the minimum offer they can make that would make this job worth it for you? What amount would insult you? Does a failed negotiation mean instant bag lady, or are there other opportunities? What are your safety nets exactly--write them down, add them up, and make sure you know what opportunities they extend to you.
Whatever they offer, keep in mind that you will have time to formulate a response. It's a polite little game. You don't need to blurt anything out, but it can help to write out some lines beforehand and roleplay with a friend.
Also, do you feel comfortable doing informational interviewing prior to this event? Can you find some other publishing organizations, call an editor, and ask them for 10 minutes of their time just to ask questions about their work and your new opportunity? I did this before and it was hugely helpful. It would extend your research scope here past Metafilter. You should also feel free to ask if they know about the company in question or the people who own it.
I agree that you should not disclose Aspergers or talk about your weaknesses. They are hiring you for your strengths and have a psychological need to see those strengths reinforced throughout this process. You may wish to look into e.g. MBTI to figure out what additional gifts come along with your liabilities, as this has been a great help to me. Milk your gifts for all they are worth. As a conscientious person your worth to this organization will grow the more you spend time with them. And you'll probably have the opportunity to extend your skill set to the point where you can line up additional or replacement jobs.
Finally, you know how to write. I encourage you to write your way through this. It may help you identify concerns and keep them in mind. Maybe keep a notebook or a text file or something.
Good luck! [Source: I negotiate contracts all the time in my job]
posted by circular at 1:48 PM on January 18, 2016 [4 favorites]
Assuming they're not going to just come out the door with an offer, here's a common approach to the get-down-to-brass-tacks: "Mr. Doe, as you know, I love to dive into details. And the more I research it, the more this situation seems like it is a win for both of us. You already know me and the skills I bring to the table, and I know how to provide the quality assistance you need. Based on my research, $X to $Y is the going range for a position like this. Does that sound right to you?" [With a healthy pause to sip from your drink or whatever after each sentence]
Regardless of the exact wording, I really encourage you to take a healthy "extraverted investigatory" attitude. Their offer and position is brought out openly, clearly, out on the table. This will keep you from sweeping your own concerns under the rug. It will encourage them to offer whatever they can when the two of you mutually identify issues as you communicate.
Then based on what's in the reply, you can use your level of experience and the "you're not hiring an unknown" factor to raise your salary expectation within that range you quoted.
If they are offering less than what you want, but more than what you need, maybe that's good enough.
Do you have a BATNA? A GUAL? Those are helpful too. What will you do if you're unhappy with the amount they're offering? What is the minimum offer they can make that would make this job worth it for you? What amount would insult you? Does a failed negotiation mean instant bag lady, or are there other opportunities? What are your safety nets exactly--write them down, add them up, and make sure you know what opportunities they extend to you.
Whatever they offer, keep in mind that you will have time to formulate a response. It's a polite little game. You don't need to blurt anything out, but it can help to write out some lines beforehand and roleplay with a friend.
Also, do you feel comfortable doing informational interviewing prior to this event? Can you find some other publishing organizations, call an editor, and ask them for 10 minutes of their time just to ask questions about their work and your new opportunity? I did this before and it was hugely helpful. It would extend your research scope here past Metafilter. You should also feel free to ask if they know about the company in question or the people who own it.
I agree that you should not disclose Aspergers or talk about your weaknesses. They are hiring you for your strengths and have a psychological need to see those strengths reinforced throughout this process. You may wish to look into e.g. MBTI to figure out what additional gifts come along with your liabilities, as this has been a great help to me. Milk your gifts for all they are worth. As a conscientious person your worth to this organization will grow the more you spend time with them. And you'll probably have the opportunity to extend your skill set to the point where you can line up additional or replacement jobs.
Finally, you know how to write. I encourage you to write your way through this. It may help you identify concerns and keep them in mind. Maybe keep a notebook or a text file or something.
Good luck! [Source: I negotiate contracts all the time in my job]
posted by circular at 1:48 PM on January 18, 2016 [4 favorites]
Firstly, editor-in-chief - like many titles in publishing - is not much of a guide by itself to what the job will actually entail day to day or month to month. Be very clear that the mix of tasks you'll have are a good fit with your strengths, and find out what others will do for you in areas where you're not so strong. There's a good chance that there won't be much editing or writing; there's also a good chance there'll be lots of both. There may be shedloads of admin, there may be very little. Forget the job title, get a good job description.
Researching the company is very important, and don't be afraid to ask at interview about the business model, the revenue projections, staffing levels and so on. Ask how they see the competition, both direct and from online. It will help you at interview (and in any case) to have some idea about the competition yourself before you go in, so have a look at that too. In many EiC positions, these will be things you'll have to deal with as part of your interface with the rest of the managers anyway, and even if they're not you have a very legitimate right to know.
You don't say whether you'll be expected to manage a team (again, I've known publicaitons where the EiC worked with, but did not directly manage, just two other people; in others, they ran herd on forty... though that's in a world long-gone!). Higher-paid EiC roles, though, always come with managerial responsibilities.
So: is it a job that's got any sort of stability, and if it is, are you and it well suited for each other? How would you feel if it goes away in six months? (In almost all cases of editorial people losing their jobs over the past ten years that I know of, it's been because of factors outside their control and little if anything to do with how well they've done those jobs: that's how it is right now, so work very hard on not pinning self-worth or self-estimation on jobs).
But if it seems like a good fit and you've satisfied yourself that it isn't a poisoned chalice, then I don't think I can add anything about contract negotiations to what circular said above. Be clear about what you can accept!
(a quondam editor writes...)
posted by Devonian at 2:50 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
Researching the company is very important, and don't be afraid to ask at interview about the business model, the revenue projections, staffing levels and so on. Ask how they see the competition, both direct and from online. It will help you at interview (and in any case) to have some idea about the competition yourself before you go in, so have a look at that too. In many EiC positions, these will be things you'll have to deal with as part of your interface with the rest of the managers anyway, and even if they're not you have a very legitimate right to know.
You don't say whether you'll be expected to manage a team (again, I've known publicaitons where the EiC worked with, but did not directly manage, just two other people; in others, they ran herd on forty... though that's in a world long-gone!). Higher-paid EiC roles, though, always come with managerial responsibilities.
So: is it a job that's got any sort of stability, and if it is, are you and it well suited for each other? How would you feel if it goes away in six months? (In almost all cases of editorial people losing their jobs over the past ten years that I know of, it's been because of factors outside their control and little if anything to do with how well they've done those jobs: that's how it is right now, so work very hard on not pinning self-worth or self-estimation on jobs).
But if it seems like a good fit and you've satisfied yourself that it isn't a poisoned chalice, then I don't think I can add anything about contract negotiations to what circular said above. Be clear about what you can accept!
(a quondam editor writes...)
posted by Devonian at 2:50 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
The lower bound of the salary range you mention finding in your research seems too low for an EIC position at a regional magazine in a big city. It doesn't matter what you've been making freelance. (I can tell you those rates seem commensurate with what I've seen and paid people, but they don't indicate anything about the health of the magazine other than that it seems to have at least some money to pay a freelancer a normal rate—there are a variety of reasons why a publication might do so, and it's common these days.) For a salaried EIC position, unless they really balk and can't meet you on this, I would start your range about $10,000 higher, depending on what the actual duties are. Would you be EIC of the entire magazine, or of an ancillary publication? Would you be full-time?
Also, readership of 400,000 doesn't really tell the story of the actual circulation—how many physical copies of the magazine do they print every month? Is there just one publication, or do they have multiple ones? Is it paid circulation? Do they have a production manager, and what is their relationship with their printer like? What are the Web figures like, and how are they monetizing that? Readership is just how many people see a copy, which can be a multiple of the actual circulation. I'd suggest that if they have a copy of their advertising media kit online, you take a close look at the figures in it and commit some to memory. Is their circulation audited? How many pages are there in the magazine, and what portion of that would they expect you to edit or manage production on? Would you have leeway to vet and hire a new freelance copy editor of your own, or would you continue to serve as the copy editor in addition to your new duties? These are all important questions you should do some research on and then bring to the table in your interview. How is their structure changing exactly?
Positions are becoming more modular, but I would also be concerned that they're talking about a salaried staff position with a big title where you wouldn't actually be present in the office regularly. That seems weird to me—though I have seen it happen, and it's kind of nice work if you can get it, as long as you do well and they don't decide to restructure again. But even if they're figureheads, EICs usually manage people and shape the direction of stories and coverage and are present in that capacity to some degree, and if they don't expect you to do that, it makes me wonder whether this is an EIC role in name only. That can be OK, but if it comes to a point where you need to negotiate or lead the staff more directly, you need to know you'll be able to do that, in terms of both having the mandate you need from management and the psychological wherewithal to do it.
Also, freelance copy editor to EIC is a big title bump—I'd want to know how many other staffers there are or will be and what the expected relationship between my position and theirs would be. If the EIC is getting a title bump, will that person be publisher, for instance, and would the current managing editor become deputy publisher or similar? What parts of their current jobs will become part of your day-to-day work? And if the managing editor is promoted, will you need to hire a new managing editor, or will they be doing so? Separately, what's the relationship between their editorial staff and the art, ad, and business teams? How many people do they employ? When it comes down to the wheels of the production process turning, what is the schedule like, and what role would you have in setting it up and making it work? Who will help you make sure everything happens as it needs to? What tools do they use to stay organized and actually produce the thing? How involved would you be with the website, and what tech team and/or editorial team do they have in place to manage changes to it? When did they last redesign the print or Web versions, and are there redesigns in the cards for the near future?
Anyway, lots of questions, and as others have noted above, I don't necessarily suggest you post the answers here. These are just some things you need to think about. It's a very interesting offer that you're doing well to take seriously. Even if, as others suggest above, this doesn't turn out to be a great fit long-term, or there are other issues, it could be a great role to have on your résumé if you can make it work for a while. You just have to make sure it's solid enough, that you'll get paid, and that you'll be treated well and given the framework you need to be successful. Good luck!
posted by limeonaire at 5:13 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
Also, readership of 400,000 doesn't really tell the story of the actual circulation—how many physical copies of the magazine do they print every month? Is there just one publication, or do they have multiple ones? Is it paid circulation? Do they have a production manager, and what is their relationship with their printer like? What are the Web figures like, and how are they monetizing that? Readership is just how many people see a copy, which can be a multiple of the actual circulation. I'd suggest that if they have a copy of their advertising media kit online, you take a close look at the figures in it and commit some to memory. Is their circulation audited? How many pages are there in the magazine, and what portion of that would they expect you to edit or manage production on? Would you have leeway to vet and hire a new freelance copy editor of your own, or would you continue to serve as the copy editor in addition to your new duties? These are all important questions you should do some research on and then bring to the table in your interview. How is their structure changing exactly?
Positions are becoming more modular, but I would also be concerned that they're talking about a salaried staff position with a big title where you wouldn't actually be present in the office regularly. That seems weird to me—though I have seen it happen, and it's kind of nice work if you can get it, as long as you do well and they don't decide to restructure again. But even if they're figureheads, EICs usually manage people and shape the direction of stories and coverage and are present in that capacity to some degree, and if they don't expect you to do that, it makes me wonder whether this is an EIC role in name only. That can be OK, but if it comes to a point where you need to negotiate or lead the staff more directly, you need to know you'll be able to do that, in terms of both having the mandate you need from management and the psychological wherewithal to do it.
Also, freelance copy editor to EIC is a big title bump—I'd want to know how many other staffers there are or will be and what the expected relationship between my position and theirs would be. If the EIC is getting a title bump, will that person be publisher, for instance, and would the current managing editor become deputy publisher or similar? What parts of their current jobs will become part of your day-to-day work? And if the managing editor is promoted, will you need to hire a new managing editor, or will they be doing so? Separately, what's the relationship between their editorial staff and the art, ad, and business teams? How many people do they employ? When it comes down to the wheels of the production process turning, what is the schedule like, and what role would you have in setting it up and making it work? Who will help you make sure everything happens as it needs to? What tools do they use to stay organized and actually produce the thing? How involved would you be with the website, and what tech team and/or editorial team do they have in place to manage changes to it? When did they last redesign the print or Web versions, and are there redesigns in the cards for the near future?
Anyway, lots of questions, and as others have noted above, I don't necessarily suggest you post the answers here. These are just some things you need to think about. It's a very interesting offer that you're doing well to take seriously. Even if, as others suggest above, this doesn't turn out to be a great fit long-term, or there are other issues, it could be a great role to have on your résumé if you can make it work for a while. You just have to make sure it's solid enough, that you'll get paid, and that you'll be treated well and given the framework you need to be successful. Good luck!
posted by limeonaire at 5:13 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
Mod note: Anonymized the post at OP's request.
posted by LobsterMitten (staff) at 6:46 PM on January 18, 2016
posted by LobsterMitten (staff) at 6:46 PM on January 18, 2016
You sound totally in the dark about the salary range, so why not have them make you an offer and then ask for 20% more of that, and then hopefully they will counteroffer with 10% more. Or whatever, those numbers aren't hard and fast. The key is getting them to put out a number first and then asking for a high number you don't expect to get, and then having them settle somewhere in between.
The nice thing is this sounds like it will probably be a big step up for you regardless. (You said $40k is riches to you, and this company does sound low-paying, but at least it's a top-paying job within the company.) So, I wouldn't stress too much about it. Do ask for more money and get what you can, but don't obsess over it. Worrying too much about salary holds you back from job satisfaction, in my opinion. Think about what you want and what you need in terms of salary, and if you hit those or get close, just be happy about it.
posted by AppleTurnover at 7:05 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
The nice thing is this sounds like it will probably be a big step up for you regardless. (You said $40k is riches to you, and this company does sound low-paying, but at least it's a top-paying job within the company.) So, I wouldn't stress too much about it. Do ask for more money and get what you can, but don't obsess over it. Worrying too much about salary holds you back from job satisfaction, in my opinion. Think about what you want and what you need in terms of salary, and if you hit those or get close, just be happy about it.
posted by AppleTurnover at 7:05 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
Then, very soon after, both the editor-in-chief and managing editor said they wanted to restructure the editorial positions and offered me the editor-in-chief position. I gladly accepted. We planned on sitting down and discussing the job description and salary in the new year.
Sorry if I missed something: did you accept the position without knowing the salary or job description? If so, you gave up a ton of leverage. Either way, I'm an editor type who has successfully negotiated higher rates. In your position, I would:
--Express enthusiasm for the magazine and the opportunity (you are fucking delighted)
--Straight up ask, in a friendly manner, why they are restructuring and why they asked you to step in as EIC. What they say will be telling. (Besides, as future EIC, you are entitled to this information.)
--Go over every detail and responsibility of the job description before talking salary.
Good luck! It sounds like you're good at what you do! If they're sincere about this offer, they'll take you seriously when you negotiate. It's expected at this level.
posted by jessca84 at 8:56 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
Sorry if I missed something: did you accept the position without knowing the salary or job description? If so, you gave up a ton of leverage. Either way, I'm an editor type who has successfully negotiated higher rates. In your position, I would:
--Express enthusiasm for the magazine and the opportunity (you are fucking delighted)
--Straight up ask, in a friendly manner, why they are restructuring and why they asked you to step in as EIC. What they say will be telling. (Besides, as future EIC, you are entitled to this information.)
--Go over every detail and responsibility of the job description before talking salary.
Good luck! It sounds like you're good at what you do! If they're sincere about this offer, they'll take you seriously when you negotiate. It's expected at this level.
posted by jessca84 at 8:56 PM on January 18, 2016 [1 favorite]
First step here is to ask what they're offering. Then you can negotiate.
If you decide to stick with freelancing, the first step is ALWAYS "What is the compensation?" Alwaysalwaysalways.
posted by Brittanie at 1:11 AM on January 19, 2016
If you decide to stick with freelancing, the first step is ALWAYS "What is the compensation?" Alwaysalwaysalways.
posted by Brittanie at 1:11 AM on January 19, 2016
This thread is closed to new comments.
posted by parmanparman at 1:40 PM on January 18, 2016 [2 favorites]