Well, the only thing I can come up with right offhand is "the gallows tree", which, among other places, shows up in the folk song "Jim Jones". I know it from Bob Dylan's excellent version. Here's the lyric quote:
Come and listen for a moment, lads,
And hear me tell my tale.
How across the sea from England
I was condemned to sail.
Now the jury found me guilty,
Then says the judge, says he,
"Oh, for life, Jim Jones, I'm sending you
Across the stormy sea.
But take a tip before you ship
To join the iron gang.
Don't get too gay in Botany Bay,
Or else you'll surely hang.
Or else you'll surely hang," says he.
"And after that, Jim Jones,
It's high above on the gallows tree
The crows will pick your bones." posted by flapjax at midnite at 3:00 AM on January 19, 2008
Some others:
the noose
the rope
the gibbet
the scaffold posted by flapjax at midnite at 3:22 AM on January 19, 2008
necktie, and that source also lists "necktie party", "necktie frolic", "necktie social" for a lynching specifically. posted by XMLicious at 3:32 AM on January 19, 2008
hanging bee for a lynching, "halter" and "neckweed" for the noose itself. posted by XMLicious at 3:39 AM on January 19, 2008
Google Books is also giving "Judge Lynch" and "stretching match" for a lynching and "hempen fever" for hanging in general via The American Thesaurus of Slang by Lester V. Berrey and Melvin Van den Bark. posted by XMLicious at 3:48 AM on January 19, 2008
And...under "nubbing cheat" this page also lists "sheriff's picture frame, three-legged mare, stool, topping cheat" as old slang terms for gallows. posted by Pater Aletheias at 4:27 AM on January 19, 2008
The name 'Jack Ketch' is synonymous, but doesn't specifically refer to the actual physical gallows themselves. posted by pompomtom at 5:27 AM on January 19, 2008
Drop, Long Drop, Morning Drop, New Drop... I remember "Would you risk the drop?" In one of the songs in Oliver!.
It says here that 'Crap'... mild English slang for rubbish or excrement comes from a slang term for gallows
"Nubbing cheat" is probably the most popular in Regency fiction, which probably (actually mostly guessing on this last bit) features the most gallows-style hangings (as opposed to just using any old convenient tree, like Westerns, or a firing squad like military stuff, etc.). posted by anaelith at 6:48 AM on January 19, 2008
Place de Grève is synonymous with the gallows in Paris pre-1800s. posted by yeti at 6:50 AM on January 19, 2008
Not a nickname per se, but in Spanish it's called "la horca" or "el patíbulo". posted by micayetoca at 6:51 AM on January 19, 2008
I vaguely remember hearing the gallows described as the "Tree of Justice". posted by Doctor Suarez at 7:53 AM on January 19, 2008
Dancing the Tyburn jig posted by dilettante at 9:46 AM on January 19, 2008
At the brand new Tennessee Waltz
You're literally waltzing on air
At the brand new Tennessee Waltz
There's no telling who will be there posted by jamjam at 10:45 AM on January 19, 2008
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Come and listen for a moment, lads,
And hear me tell my tale.
How across the sea from England
I was condemned to sail.
Now the jury found me guilty,
Then says the judge, says he,
"Oh, for life, Jim Jones, I'm sending you
Across the stormy sea.
But take a tip before you ship
To join the iron gang.
Don't get too gay in Botany Bay,
Or else you'll surely hang.
Or else you'll surely hang," says he.
"And after that, Jim Jones,
It's high above on the gallows tree
The crows will pick your bones."
posted by flapjax at midnite at 3:00 AM on January 19, 2008