Comments on: In which I ask where the heck that started

Question: In which I ask where the heck that started

XQUZYPHYR — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 08:44:33 -0800

Where, exactly, did the rhetorical device of framing a sentence with "In which _____ does _____" come from originally? I'm pretty sure it was a famous book that I will smack myself for not remembering as soon as you tell me. Because of the simplicity of the term tracking the answer down on Google has failed, and it's been bugging me for a while now.

By: Pastabagel

Pastabagel — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 08:59:17 -0800

I have no idea when it started by I seem to recall that 50's and 60's tv shows were subtitled like this. "In which our hero is imprisoned by the dastardly Senor Herzog", etc.

By: rkent

rkent — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:00:06 -0800

At the very least, Chapter 1 of Winnie the Pooh is titled with such a formulation, as is Book 5, ch. 4 of Henry Fielding's 18th Century novel The History of Tom Jones.

So I doubt you're going to track it down to a single Ur-reference. Though I can't remember many more specific examples than the ones I just linked, I got the feeling (during my English-major studies of early novels) that it was an old fashioned - like, 19th c. and earlier - way to hook the reader into a chapter of a novel, and uses since then have predominantly been whimsical throwbacks (see Pooh) or self-conscious ironic invocations (see, entire Internet).

By: rkent

rkent — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:01:04 -0800

Also, Uncle Tom's Cabin. So yeah, early novel chapter-titling device.

By: contessa

contessa — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:02:36 -0800

I wish I could give a more astute and academic answer - with citations! - than this, but it goes back to Victorian-era literature at least. At the head of each chapter in many novels there would be a little preview of what was coming in the narrative and writers used that construction. No idea who used it first.

By: kosem

kosem — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:16:33 -0800

This is a convention that is all over 18th century novels, even the early ones, making it just about as old as the English novel itself. I'm working from memory here, but I'm relatively sure it's found in 17th and 18th century philosophical works. No one source, I'm afraid.

By: kosem

kosem — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:22:00 -0800

See also, Don Quixote, published in 1605. Spanish list of chapter descriptions.

By: kosem

kosem — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:27:26 -0800

And just to hang a frame on the significance of the Quixote, the early English novelists, especially Fielding, were heavily influenced by Cervantes's narrative style. This may not shed any light on the rhetorical device you're asking about, but it may explain the thought "well, my novel damned well better behave like Don Quixote."

By: Quinbus Flestrin

Quinbus Flestrin — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:45:15 -0800

Note also the related phenomenon of listing the contents of a chapter at its start (implying, but probably not including the actual words "in which"). For example, from Three Men in a Boat :

CHAPTER VI.
Kingston. - Instructive remarks on early English history. - Instructive observations on carved oak and life in general. - Sad case of stivvings, junior. - Musings on antiquity. - I forget that i am steering. - Interesting result. - Hampton Court Maze. - Harris as a guide.

By: Clay201

Clay201 — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 09:50:32 -0800

In the Dickens era, it was common to serialize novels in periodicals. Then, later, they would be published as books. I'm wondering whether this construction was used as some sort of introduction/advertisement to grab readers attention with each new installment.

By: jedicus

jedicus — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 10:41:16 -0800

Moll Flanders, commonly regarded as the first English novel, was first published in 1722 with the full title

"The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, Etc. Who was born in Newgate, and during a life of continu'd Variety for Threescore Years, besides her Childhood, was Twelve Year a Whore, five times a Wife (whereof once to her own brother), Twelve Year a Thief, Eight Year a Transported Felon in Virginia, at last grew Rich, liv'd Honest and died a Penitent. Written from her own Memorandums."

It doesn't use the phrase "in which" but the spirit of the phrase is there, i.e., telling the reader up front the gist of the plot, particularly as centered on the activities of the protagonist.

By: scodger

scodger — Fri, 27 Apr 2007 15:42:21 -0800

It is almost certainly based on Don Quixote, which probably takes the convention from the "knight errant" books the story pokes fun at.

By: Buck Eschaton

Buck Eschaton — Sun, 29 Apr 2007 04:38:59 -0800

Gargantua and Pantagruel and then I think even earlier the King Arthur stuff (Thomas Malory)