Mise en abyme
June 22, 2009 11:13 PM   RSS feed for this thread Subscribe

Can anyone provide examples of works featuring stories within stories involving numerous levels of nested stories? What's the work with the "deepest" set of stories within stories?

For example, in Frankenstein, the book is framed as Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister. At one point Walton writes of Frankenstein recounting the monster's description of the story of a family the monster had observed. Or in the episode of the Simpsons called "The Seemingly Never-Ending Story", in which at one point Bart tells a story in which Lisa tells a story in which Burns reads a story in which Moe hears a story from Ms. Krabappel. Are there other good examples of multi-layered stories in stories? Examples involving both "vertical depth" and branching at each level are good too.
posted by Sangermaine to media & arts (58 comments total) 22 users marked this as a favorite
Frankenstein is my favourite example of this - way to beat me to it!

this is more horizontal than it is vertical, but the book Dodecahedron is an awesome example. it's actually called Dodecahedron, or A Frame For Frames. the way that each story frames another, and the way they are all connected -- it's beautiful, bizarre, and sometimes difficult. "nested" is a great word to explain it!
posted by gursky at 11:16 PM on June 22


"At Swim-Two-Birds" by Flann O' Brien written in 1939.
Book about a student, writing a book, about an author writing a book. One of the books has three beginnings which eventually become intertwined.
It's one of my favourite books, but it does make reference to a few obscure Irish historical characters which might be a little confusing. It was published the day WWII broke out, which didn't help sales.
posted by a womble is an active kind of sloth at 11:21 PM on June 22 [1 favorite has favorites]


The children's book Charlie Cook's Favorite Book goes down about 10 levels and then circles back to the original. Great book!
posted by zachawry at 11:22 PM on June 22 [1 favorite has favorites]


As inferred by the Simpsons' title, The Never-ending Story is one.
posted by pompomtom at 11:23 PM on June 22


(s/inferred/implied/

Is it home time yet?)
posted by pompomtom at 11:27 PM on June 22


The Historian
posted by jschu at 11:29 PM on June 22


house of leaves by mark danielewski. Apart from being the most interesting book written in the last 100 years, it contains a separate story in the footnotes of the story which ends up melding with the main plot. Sometimes you really have to figure out which plot is the footnotes one and which one isn't.
posted by freddymetz at 11:30 PM on June 22 [1 favorite has favorites]


'Life: a Users Manual' by Georges Perec
posted by TheOtherGuy at 11:33 PM on June 22


One Thousand and One Nights nests and serializes stories repeatedly. (Known as The Arabian Nights in most English-speaking countries.)
posted by Mikey-San at 11:37 PM on June 22 [1 favorite has favorites]


'Blackeyes' by Dennis Potter does this. At least, the TV version does; I can't remember whether the book does.
posted by andraste at 11:42 PM on June 22


The Sandman collection World's End consists of nested stories within the frame narrative. There are four (I think) nested levels, e.g.:

-- The frame narrative: Brant Tucker tells the story of his and Charlene Mooney's car crash and how they ended up at the World's End inn where people are telling stories until the storm passes
---- In Brant's story, Petrefax tells a story of the necropolis Litharge
------ In Petrefax's story, Scroyle - one of the men involved in an air burial - tells a story in which he meets a traveller
-------- In Scroyle's story, the traveller tells a tale about another necropolis and a burial

A more postmodern example of the use of a frame narrative would be If on a winter's night a traveler by Calvino.
posted by kaarne at 11:43 PM on June 22


Paul Auster's Oracle Night features many layers of story-within-a-story. (The protagonist is writing a novel about an editor who has been given a manuscript...titled Oracle Night.)
posted by hurdy gurdy girl at 11:56 PM on June 22


This is a strange example, but the children's novel Two Are Better Than One by Carol Ryrie Brink involves an elderly woman relating the story of her childhood best friend; within this story the two girls write a novel about their dolls, in which (I believe) the dolls tell stories of their own. So only four levels at most, but it was my first introduction to nested stories!
posted by punchdrunkhistory at 11:58 PM on June 22


Cloud Atlas.
posted by Dilemma at 12:03 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


A Tale - by Daniil Charms. By the way, he is notable for dying of hunger in Leningrad Psychiatric Ward in 1942. He has many really bizarre short stories (1-2 paragraphs long) translated to english, easily found online..
posted by rainy at 12:27 AM on June 23


Tristram Shandy is the gold standard here.
posted by paperzach at 12:34 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


The Orphan's Tales: In The Night Garden and The Orphan's Tales: In the Cities of Coin and Spice by Catherynne M Valente do this.
posted by gudrun at 12:47 AM on June 23


In Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years, the title character writes a novel about a character who writes a novel about a character who writes "the book without words".
posted by narrativium at 1:13 AM on June 23


House of Leaves
posted by oceanmorning at 1:13 AM on June 23


The Manuscript found in Saragossa by Jan Potocki is an excellent example of this; at one point it has, I think, a story within a story within a story within a story, whereupon one of the characters expresses confusion about who is telling the story of who. It also has skeleton warriors, lots of duels, lesbians threesomes and ghost stories. It's an aces book.
posted by low_horrible_immoral at 1:17 AM on June 23 [2 favorites has favorites]


Melmoth the Wanderer is famous for this - multiple framing stories were really popular with the Gothic authors (Manuscript Found in Saragossa mentioned above being the other excellent example).
posted by Paragon at 2:11 AM on June 23


World's End (volume eight of the Sandman series).
posted by murtagh at 2:36 AM on June 23


Sophie's World and The Solitaire Mystery by Jostein Gaarder
posted by mukade at 2:48 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


XKCD: Tabletop Roleplaying
posted by mohrr at 3:09 AM on June 23


In the Avignon Quintet books by Lawrence Durrell, the stories aren't nested as such. But some books are revealed to have been written by characters in later books, in such a way that you don't really know who is fictional and who is real, especially when they start interacting with each other. They're a total mindf**k, but well worth it.
posted by dowcrag at 3:45 AM on June 23


Dracula also fits - the book is a collection of letters and journal entries between the characters. At some points, those letters and journals are transcriptions of other characters' notes or journals.
posted by backseatpilot at 4:41 AM on June 23


The "Cerements" issue of Sandman in the World's End collection, already mentioned above, arguably has infinite levels of nesting, at least if you count the levels wrapping around on themselves. "Cliffy" has a nice summary in this thread:
Cerements goes to five levels, I think: Mistress Veltis tells the story of getting lost in the catacombs to Klaproth and her other 'prentice, whose name escapes me. (1) That 'prentice, now a master, tells this story at the air burial to Petrefax and the others. (2) Petrefax tells the story of the air burial to Brant and the others at the Inn. (3) Brant relays his experiences at the Inn to the woman at the bar. (4) And Gaiman is telling this story to us. (5)....

Upon further reflection, there's one more level (briefly) in Cerements, although it only takes up a half-sentence. Along with her adventure in the catacombs, Mistress Veltis tells her 'prentices other stories, such as the one about the undertaker who is captured by a hungry giant and tells stories to keep the giant's mind off his dinner. I think there may be a mention or two of the actual stories told by this undertaker -- if so, then this is yet another level, although too minor to really be considered one.
What Cliffy does not mention is that another one of the stories Mistress Veltis tells her prentices (though only a sentence or two from the reader's perspective) is that of a group of necropolitans lost in a storm who find themselves at an Inn where travellers pass the time by telling stories. This is implied (though not outright stated) to be the same ones who are currently telling their stories in the "higher-level" tale (and given the Inn's status as being outside of time, this is not unreasonable), so the levels are infinite, or at least wrap around on themselves.

Another issue in trying to answer the question is that it's not always clear what is a higher-level frame. Are Pelafina's letters in House of Leaves (mentioned above) really just an appendix, as they are presented? Or do they constitute another frame for the rest of the story? One suggested interpretation of House of Leaves (and believe me, there are many) is that everything is imagined by Pelafina.
posted by DevilsAdvocate at 4:57 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


If On A Winter's Night A Traveller by Italo Calvino.
posted by Hogshead at 5:01 AM on June 23 [3 favorites has favorites]


The dialogue "Little Harmonic Labyrinth" in Hofstadter's Godel, Escher, Bach explores this concept. It contains four nested stories, and makes the nesting explicit by indenting on the page when the characters go "down" a level.
posted by Daily Alice at 5:03 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


of course there's Watchmen
posted by HuronBob at 5:15 AM on June 23


The Thousand and One Nights is a classic example of what you're asking for; it very quickly becomes a story about characters telling stories about characters who tell stories about characters who tell... Seriously, it made me dizzy trying to keep track. Get the Husain Haddawy translation; it's fantastic.
posted by mediareport at 6:29 AM on June 23


Adaptation. (Movies count, right?)

Also, House of Leaves and Cloud Atlas = wonderful.
posted by Work to Live at 6:55 AM on June 23


I was just going to add 'Hamlet' to the list for the play within a play, but Shakespeare used this more than once 'Loves Labour Lost' and 'A Midsummers Nights Dream'.
As you probably know Wikipedia has an article on it.
posted by doozer_ex_machina at 7:16 AM on June 23


In Stanislaw Lem's collection of linked stories The Cyberiad, the story "Tale of the Three Storytelling Machines of King Genius" has a number of mini-stories in it. One of those mini-stories tells of an invention that lets you plug into a dream. But the invention is a trap where the user soon loses track whether he's in a dream, or in a dream-within-a-dream, etc.

So at some points, you're in 4 or 5 levels deep.
posted by Joe Beese at 7:26 AM on June 23


The Fountain (completely underappreciated, IMO)
posted by mkultra at 7:30 AM on June 23


John Barth, The Tidewater Tales. It's been a while since I read it, so I don't remember how deep the stories within stories go.
posted by brianogilvie at 7:31 AM on June 23


A lot of Kurt Vonnegut's novels veer into stories written by the fictitious Kilgore Trout.
posted by TBoneMcCool at 7:54 AM on June 23


Raymond Roussel did this.
posted by OmieWise at 7:57 AM on June 23


Wishbone was a children's television series on PBS, in which a dog imagines himself to be a character in some classical piece of a literature in each episode, to parallel the story happening around him. There was one particular episode in which a kid was visiting his household, and faking an allergy to dogs. Wishbone then imagined himself to be the playwright Moliere, acting in The Imagainary Invalid (so he's really the actor, not just the character). There is also one scene in the play in which the characters perform an opera. So you've got an opera in a play in a dog's imagination within yet another story. (Also, the episode ends with a short "making of..." segment, which is kind of a story outside of the story.)
posted by teg at 8:00 AM on June 23


William Goldman's The Princess Bride and The Silent Gondoliers are stories about a fictional Goldman telling stories by a fictional Simon Morgenstern.
posted by kirkaracha at 8:14 AM on June 23


Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness is a story that Marlow tells the book's narrator.

Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights is partly told by Mr. Lockwood reading a book and partly by housekeeper Nelly Dean telling Lockwood a story.

More examples at frame story and story within a story.
posted by kirkaracha at 8:23 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


Building off A Thousand and One Nights, Chimera by John Barth
Canterbury Tales
Fall of the House of Usher
The Grand Inquisitor by Dostoevsky
Midsummer Night's Dream has the play Pyramus of Thisbe and Hamlet reenacts Claudius' murder, but they're obviously not stories.
Crying of Lot 49 has the courier's tragedy scene.

This is a common trope in modern and postmodern literature, prominently used by Dostoevsky and Melville. Look up metafiction for more examples.
posted by zoomorphic at 8:34 AM on June 23


Henry James' The Turn of the Screw is written in the voice a narrator who hears someone read out someone else's narrative. I suppose there are stories within that narrative as well.
posted by argybarg at 8:43 AM on June 23


Recursion is infinite nesting. A beautiful example is Cabell's "The Rivet in Grandfather's Neck."
posted by RichardS at 8:43 AM on June 23


Synecdoche, New York (which was really painfully slow to watch even though I'm otherwise a Charlie Kaufman fan), features a lot of stories within stories and tricky shifting between what is real and imagined to point where all the levels merge or become indistinguishable.

The main character is a theater director who ends up building a life-sized set of New York inside a huge New York warehouse and casts people to play himself to direct others but those people also affect his real life.
posted by That takes balls. at 8:45 AM on June 23 [1 favorite has favorites]


Some more I remembered:

Diary of a Bad Year is literally divided halfway down the page between the "real" writer's thoughts and the drama of his secretary and her boyfriend.
A.S. Byatt's Possession
Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao is recounted by Oscar Wao's best friend and the boyfriend of Oscar's sister.
This Is Not a Novel, by David Markson
Not exactly what you specified, but Atonement plays with a reader's notions of authorial voice
posted by zoomorphic at 8:46 AM on June 23


The Tetherballs of Bougainville begins as a novel in which the main character sits down to write a screenplay, which becomes the middle part of the novel until the main character of that says he's written a fake movie review of his uncompleted screenplay which he then reads aloud for the final third of the book.
posted by Bookhouse at 9:09 AM on June 23


Nabokov's Pale Fire fits this bill, and is brilliant to boot.

Many of the Lake Woebegon stories that Garrison Keillor tells on his radio show have nested stories that you forget are nested until he goes back to a character he mentioned earlier.
posted by nushustu at 9:39 AM on June 23


Bjork's video for Bachelorette.

Nabakov's Pale Fire is a novel where the narrator's footnotes end up taking over the story.
posted by benzenedream at 9:50 AM on June 23


They're not precisely nested stories, but if they qualify at all then the layers in Heinlein's "World As Myth" multiverse tie with other recursive stories for "deepest":

"Universe A" in one book is a world in which "Universe B" is a work of fiction, but it is possible to travel to Universe B and discover that there Universe A is considered fictional. So (even neglecting Universes C, D, etc...) you technically have a story within a story within a story for as many layers as you care to count.
posted by roystgnr at 10:21 AM on June 23


Also check out the epistolary fiction anthology Other People's Mail.
posted by zoomorphic at 11:14 AM on June 23


Don Quixote
posted by girlgenius at 3:58 PM on June 23


Middlesex
posted by whoaali at 9:44 PM on June 23


To say that House of Leaves has one main story and another in the footnotes is a massive oversimplification. There are so many levels going on it is really something you have to read to experience, because trying to put it into words and explain it is kind of a tall order. The act of reading the book places you in the maze of layered narratives itself. I think it's best if you read it and not know anything about it, other than it is one of the most interesting books ever written - so consider this another very strong recommendation for it.
posted by bradbane at 10:37 PM on June 23


The Cyberiad by Stanislaw Lem.
posted by mai at 7:13 AM on June 24


The Mahabharata is deeeeeeeply nested, definitely one of the deepest. I doubt anything other than another Hindu epic would give it a run for its money.
posted by [@I][:+:][@I] at 10:20 AM on June 25


Seconding Cloud Atlas.

Each story is nested inside the previous one by a character reading the previous story. Also its a really good book. :)
posted by vegetableagony at 7:55 PM on July 3


I just finished Douglas Coupland's The Gum Thief and it made me remember this thread. One of the main characters is writing a story about a failed novelist who invites another writer over for dinner and then (during the course of the dinner party) steals and reads the first chapter of the other author's new book-in-progress.
posted by hurdy gurdy girl at 11:04 AM on July 23


« Older Wild hair, related to this. I ...   |   Any Halusky in Chicago?... Newer »

You are not logged in, either login or create an account to post comments